I-Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, esifushanisiwe njenge-LN) iyikristalu yokwenziwa enemisebenzi eminingi futhi enezinjongo eziningi okuyinto ihlanganisa i-electro-optic enhle kakhulu, i-acousto-optic, i-elastic-optic, i-piezoelectric, i-pyroelectric, umphumela we-photorefractive nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba. Ikristalu ye-LN ingeye-trigonal crystal system, enesigaba se-ferroelectric ekamelweni lokushisa, 3m iphuzu iqembu, futhi R3c iqembu lesikhala. Ngo-1949, u-Matthias no-Remeika bahlanganisa i-LN crystal eyodwa, kwathi ngo-1965 u-Ballman wakhulisa ngempumelelo i-crystal engusayizi omkhulu we-LN.

Ingo-1970 LN cama-rystals aqala ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ama-electro-optic Q-switches. Amakristalu e-LN anezinzuzo zokungabi bikho kwe-deliquescent, i-voltage ephansi ye-half-wave, ukushintshaniswa kwe-lateral, ukwenza ama-electrode kalula, ukusetshenziswa kalula nokugcinwa, njll., kodwa athambekele ekushintsheni kwe-photorefractive futhi anemibundu ephansi yokulimala kwe-laser. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunzima bokulungiselela amakristalu ekhwalithi ephezulu ye-optical kuholela kukhwalithi ye-crystal engalingani. Isikhathi eside,Amakristalu e-LN anawo isetshenziswe kuphela kokunye okuphansi noma amandla aphakathi 1064 nm laser izinhlelo.

Ukuze ukuxazulula inkinga inkinga ye i-photorefractive umphumela, umsebenzi omningis have kwenziwe. Ngoba i-LN crystal evame ukusetshenziswaithuthukiswa ngu isilinganiso se-eutectic sokuqanjwa okufanayo kwe okuqinile-uketshezi isimo, tnazi iziphambeko ezifana nezikhala ze-lithium kanye ne-anti-niobium kukristalu. Kulula ukulungisa izakhiwo zekristalu ngokushintsha ukwakheka kanye ne-doping. Ngo-1980,yona’s ithole ukuthi amakristalu e-doping LN anokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium angaphezu kuka-4.6 mol%.s i ukumelana nokulimala kwesithombe nge-oda elingaphezu kwelilodwa lobukhulu. Amanye amakristalu e-anti-photorefractive doped LN nawo athuthukisiwe, njenge-zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., njll. Ngoba i-doped I-LN inekhwalithi yokubona engeyinhle, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-photorefraction nokulimala kwe-laser kuwukuntuleka kocwaningo, ine ayisetshenziswanga kakhulu.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona ekukhuleni kobubanzi obukhulu, amakristalu e-LN asezingeni eliphezulu, abacwaningi isungule uhlelo lokulawula ikhompiyutha ngo-2004, olwaxazulula kangcono inkinga yokulawula okubucayi ngesikhathi sokukhula kosayizi omkhulu. LN. Izinga lokulawula ububanzi obulinganayo liye lathuthukiswa kakhulu, elinqoba ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe kobubanzi okubangelwa ukulawulwa okungalungile kwenqubo yokukhula kwekristalu, futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukufana kwe-optical ye-crystal. Ukufana kokubona kwe-3 inch I-LN crystal ingcono kune-3×10⁻⁵ cm⁻¹.

Ngo-2010, umcwaningis ihlongoze ukuthi ingcindezi ku-LN crystal yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokungaqini kahle kwezinga lokushisa kwe- LN I-electro-optical Q-switch. Ngesisekelo sekhompyutha-lawulwa ubuchwepheshe obulingana nobubanzi obulinganayo ukuze kukhule ikristalu yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-LN, inqubo ekhethekile yokwelapha ukushisa isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa insalela yokungenalutho. Ngo-2013,umuntu wahlongoza lokho, njengokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, ukucindezeleka kwangaphandle kwe-clamping unayo okufanayo umphumela ku-tUkuqina kwezinga lokushisa kwe-electro-optic Q-switching application ye-LN crystal. Bathuthukile i ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa okunwebekayo ukuze kunqobe inkinga yokucindezeleka yangaphandle ebangelwa ukugoqa okuqinile kwendabuko, kanye le nqubo inyusiwe futhi yasetshenziswa ochungechungeni lwama-lasers angu-1064 nm.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngoba i-LN crystal ine ububanzi ibhendi yokudlulisa ukukhanya kanye ne-electro-optic coefficient enkulu esebenzayo, ingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-laser ye-waveband ephakathi kwe-infrared, njenge-2 μm futhi 2.28 μm.

Isikhathi eside, nakuba umsebenzi omningis have kwenziwa kumakristalu e-LN, kusenokuntuleka kocwaningo oluhlelekile LN’s Izakhiwo ze-infrared photorefractive, umkhawulo womonakalo we-laser wangaphakathi, kanye nendlela yokuthonya ye-doping embundwini womonakalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-electro-optical Q-switchingi-LN crystal ilethe okukhulu ukudideka. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwakheka kwamakristalu e-LN kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izinhlobo nenani lamaphutha kuningi, okuholela ekuhlukeni.ce ekhiqizwa izithando ezahlukene, amaqoqo ahlukene, ngisho nezingxenye ezihlukene ezifanayo ucezu lwekristalu. Kungase kube nomehluko omkhulu kwikhwalithi yamakristalu. Kunzima ukulawula ukungaguquguquki kokusebenza kwemishini eshintshwayo ye-electro-optic Q, ephinde ikhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwe-electro-optic Q-switching yamakristalu e-LN ngokwezinga elithile.

Iseli ye-LN Pockels yekhwalithi ephezulu eyenziwe yi-WISOPTIC